There are three main components playing important roles on magnetic properties: magnetic strength, energy product, and coercivity. They are the most critical factors for selecting the right magnet on a specific application of your own.

Comparison of the Three Properties

(1) Magnetic Strength (Remanence, Br)

Magnetic strength, also known as remanence (Br), is the magnetic induction or magnetization that remains in a ferromagnetic material after an external magnetic field has been applied and then removed. It is measured in gauss (Gs) or tesla (T). In other words, it is the "leftover" magnetization of a magnet when the external field is no longer present. The higher the remanence, the stronger the retained magnetic induction strength of the material, and the greater its potential to be a strong magnetic material.

Units:

1. Gauss (G) or Tesla (T) in the CGS and SI systems(International System of Units), respectively.

2. Conversion: 1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss.

Applications:

1. High remanence is crucial for applications requiring strong magnetic fields, such as electric motors, speakers, and MRI machines.

(2) Energy Product (BHmax)

The energy product (BHmax) represents the maximum energy density a magnet can store. It is the product of the magnetic induction (B) and the magnetic field strength (H) at any point on the demagnetization curve. The maximum value of this product is called the maximum energy product, denoted as (BHmax). The higher the BHmax, the more energy-efficient the magnet is in a small size, and the better its ability to produce a magnetic field in practical applications. In theory,  (BHmax) equals ½ Br² .

Units:

1. Mega-Gauss-Oersteds (MGOe) in the CGS system or KiloJoules per cubic meter (kJ/m³) in the SI system.

2. Conversion: 1 MGOe = 7.96 kJ/m³.

Applications:

1. High-energy product magnets are used in compact devices like headphones, hard drives, and electric vehicle motors.

(3) Coercivity (Hc)

Coercivity (Hc), also known as magnetic coercivity, coercive field, or coercive force, measures a magnet's resistance to demagnetization from an external magnetic field. It is the intensity of the reverse magnetic field required to reduce the material's magnetization to zero. High coercivity ensures the magnet retains its magnetic properties under adverse conditions (e.g., high temperatures or external fields).

Normally there are two types of coercivity: 

1. Intrinsic Coercivity (Hcj): Resistance to demagnetization from internal factors.

2. Coercive Force (Hcb): Resistance to demagnetization from external fields.

Units:

1. Oersteds (Oe) in the CGS system or Amperes per meter (A/m) in the SI system.

2. Conversion: 1 Oe = 79.6 A/m.

Applications:

1. Magnets with high coercivity are used in environments with strong external fields or elevated temperatures, such as aerospace and military applications.
   

At M-Magnet, we magnetize materials in 6 primary directions for industrial applications. The exact number depends on the magnet's shape and intended use. For standard shapes, axial and diametric are most common, while custom designs allow unlimited orientations - Complex shapes may combine multiple directions for specialized magnetic fields.

1. axial, diametric, radial, multi-pole, through-thickness, and custom patterns.

(1) Axial Magnetization

Features:

1. Axial magnetization aligns magnetic poles through the thickness of disc/cylinder magnets. This creates a strong magnetic field perpendicular to the circular faces. Axial-magnetized discs demonstrate 35% stronger holding force than diametric versions in same dimensions. 

Key Applications:

1. Sensor triggers

2. Magnetic couplings

3. Speaker assemblies

(2) Diametric Magnetization

Features:

1. Diametric magnetization positions poles across the diameter of cylindrical magnets. This creates a magnetic field parallel to the circular faces.

Key Features:

1. Enables rotational magnetic fields

2. Ideal for encoders and sensors

3. Requires precise alignment

(3) Radial Magnetization

Features:

1. Radial magnetization creates multiple poles around a ring magnet's circumference. This pattern is essential for brushless DC motors and magnetic bearings.

Technical Specifications:

1. 4-64 pole configurations

2. 0.5-2mm pole spacing tolerance

3. 1200-1400 Gauss surface field

(4) Multi-Pole Magnetization

Features:

1. Multi-pole magnetization arranges alternating N/S poles in complex patterns. This advanced technique serves specialized sensing and motor applications.

Common Configurations:

1. Halbach arrays

2. Striped patterns

3. Checkerboard layouts

(5)Through-Thickness Magnetization

Features:

1. Through-thickness magnetization aligns poles across thin materials' cross-sections. This orientation maximizes surface field strength in limited spaces.

Key Benefits:

1. 25% higher flux density than axial

2. Ideal for sensor applications

3. Requires minimum 0.5mm thickness

(6)Custom Patterns

Features:

1. Custom magnetization meets unique application requirements through specialized pole arrangements. 

Recent Innovations:

1. Spiral magnetization for reduced eddy currents

2. Gradient fields for medical devices

3. 3D pole arrangements